A formula for parish practice Essays -- Legal Issues, Wengert

Wengert in his â€Å"A formula for parish practice† book, indicated the dispute over the relation between faith and works can be traced back to an attack on the Lutherans by John Eck prior to the Diet of Augsburg 1530 ( 63). Eck claimed that evangelicals ban good works from their teaching and preaching, later this phenomena grid Melanchthon to come up with the 20th article in the Augsburg confession. The reality that the leipzing Interim failed to use the phrase â€Å"faith lone† upset the Bishop of Naumburg , Von Amsdrof lead up to writing a tract against the Leipzing Interim. Later George major came up with Sermon that implies good works are necessary for salvation. George Major writings in favors of the absolute necessity of good work for salvation lead up to the emergence of Majortistic controversy. As Luther predicted what controversies will inevitably arise after his death; many reformers would compromise and sell out to the papacy. Luther prediction turned true and many controversies had arose from within and without, among these is the Majoristic controversy that named after George major who was the chief proponent of the idea that enunciate good work justifies. The Majoristic controversy was in fact started before the death of martin Luther and later intensified ( ). George major was a Lutheran theologian who lived from 1502-1574. He was one of the several theologians who joined Melanchthon in making concession to Rome. There is no way we can measure faith. However, good work can sometime be measured, in physics we can calculate work by multiplying the force applied to certain object by the distance traveled. Faith is not something we produce, reduce, earn or donate; generally we do not have control over faith. It is... ...ng of the Lord’s Supper should not be general but should be specific and personal; each recipient should understand why and how they should receive the true body and blood of Christ. The Lord’s Supper of the moment to proclaim the Word not time we assert announcement or preach to the public. The precious golden words â€Å"This is my body, given for you† and â€Å"This is my blood shed for you for the forgiveness of sins† are not the words to be sprayed to the public but rather to be injected in the system of each individual receive the true body and blood of Jesus Christ in the form proclamation to their soul. The Word â€Å"you† is by no means plural during administration of the Holy Supper it must refer to each receipt. Such specific proclamation â€Å"given for you† and â€Å"shed for you† destroy our heavy burdens and give rest through forgiveness of sins (Matthew 11:28).

How Celtic is Iron Age Britain?

The construct of sorting a period of prehistoric culture as the Iron Age was foremost introduced in the nineteenth century, and subsequently validated by the massively important finds at Hallstatt and La Tene. Subsequently, the epoch was broken down into chronological periods, against which the British Iron Age is now defined. For easiness of definition, The British Iron Age tends to be broken into three periods, Early, Middle and Late, crossing approximately 1000 old ages, from 800 BC to the second century AD, and is so named owing to the find and development of Fe taking prevalence over the usage of bronze. The term Celtic, holding passed into the slang, is now nil more than a obscure generic term. The traditional position was that Iron Age Britons were portion of a huge Celtic Commonwealth which so stretched across Europe, a universe of peoples who spoke related linguistic communications, and who shared a typical set of values, societal establishments, spiritualty, art and other facets of life and civilization. ( James 1997, 2 ) . This is now acknowledged to be a monolithic simplism, a romanticised impression Born of theories put frontward by eighteenth century bookmans, based on classical Latin and Greek beginnings. Edward Lhuyd proposed that Welsh, Scottish and Irish languages all root from the ancient Gaulish. The label Celtic was so transposed from the linguistic communications to the people themselves, landscapes, and their sensed civilization and art. Historically and archaeologically talking, this word is unhelpful and uninformative. Indeed, Simon James has suggested that naming the Iron Age Celtic is so deceptive that it is best abandoned. ( James S. 01.06.98 ) As the term Celtic is virtually nonmeaningful, for the intent of this piece we shall look into to what extent the autochthonal population of Britain were influenced by their Continental opposite numbers. It was thought that the Iron Age Britons ( consisting of diverse and frequently warring folks and were in no manner unified ) were capable to a figure of Belgic invasions during the Iron Age. Some of the grounds for this theoretical account comes from Caesar, who states that anterior to his ain expeditions of 55 and 54 B.C. , the population of the coastal parts of south-eastern Britain had themselves migrated from Belgic Gaul, foremost in hunt of loot, and later in order to settle for good. He besides reported that in his ain life-time, Diviciacus had been non merely the most powerful swayer in all Gaul, but had besides exercised sovereignty in Britain. ( D.W. Harding 1974, 201 ) There is archeological grounds which has been used to back up this theoretical account. The find of the Battersea shield in 1857, an elaborately decorated piece, is similar to a bronze shield found in the river Witham in Lincolnshire. Both are similar in design to artefacts found at La Tene. These discoveries, combined with graveyard sites in Aylesford, Welwyn and East Yorkshire, which bore close relation to Gaulish burial rites, were taken as verifying the theory of invasion as the principal, even exclusive, cause of alteration in prehistoric Britain. ( James 1997, 12 ) With the coming of Fe came a figure of bastioned defense mechanisms or hillforts. There are about 3,300 such defense mechanisms on mainland Britain. It was originally thought that these were a response to an invasion in the third century B.C. allowing loose sets of Gaelic warriors over big parts of the south state. ( Harding 1974, 54 ) However, subsequent probe has found that techniques such as lumber lacing, which was prevalent on the Continent, was besides adopted in Britain. This presents us with the fact that there were so links with the Continent, which were non needfully hostile, as their engineering is shared and assimilated. Some folks depended wholly on agribusiness where the land and dirt permitted ; others in coastal parts where the land was non so hospitable, subsisted wholly from the sea. Settlement types varied consequently, from the normally used roundhouse, to the Lake Village close Glastonbury in the Somerset degrees, to the rock built brochs of Northern Scotland. Such diverseness does non look to hold been echoed on the Continent, although there were similarities in some countries. Mentioning to a colony in Kent, Caesar wrote that the edifices were situated in close propinquity to each other, and really similar to the colonies of the Gauls. However, there remains small grounds to day of the month to propose a strong relationship between the homes on the continent, and those in Britain. The economic system chiefly relied on agribusiness and the industry of certain goods. Barry Cunliffe describes it therefore: a loosely parallel development between Britain and the Continent, the two countries retaining a close contact, which encouraged a free flow of thoughts and an exchange of goods, while autochthonal traditions remain dominant. ( Cunliffe 1991, 442 ) The usage of mintage came into pattern around 100 B.C. and straight emulated the Gallic system. There were comparings with the economic system of the Continent, but the British remained insular to some extent until the ulterior Roman invasion. We have some archeological grounds of the funerary patterns of antediluvian Britain, but merely classical mentions inform us as to the Gods, Druids and priesthoods intrinsic to these beliefs. Harmonizing to Caesar, the Gauls and the British shared several patterns, including the preparation of Druids. In the early Iron Age, the disposal of organic structures left no archeological hint. The in-between Fe age sees graveyards and burials with goods, whilst the late Iron Age sees the debut of cremations form Gaul. In add-on, many organic structures from this epoch have been retrieved from peat bogs throughout northern Europe, frequently with marks of multiple causes of decease, possibly bespeaking ritual forfeit. Evidence suggests that similar beliefs are held throughout Europe at this clip, and would look to denote a belief in some signifier of hereafter. Much is made of the Celtic caput cult, but this mostly depends on reading of the grounds. ‘There is no uncertainty that the cap ut was considered the most of import portion of the human organic structure the accent on head-hunting demonstrates this and the emphasis on the caput in Celtic art is incontestible. Yet I believe it is a error to believe in footings of a specific head-cult’ ( Green 1986, 216 ) . In decision, how Belgae Gallic was Iron Age Britain? Surely, many facets of Iron Age life were influenced by the Belgic Gauls, to changing grades throughout the period. But to name the British Iron Age Celtic is a simplified generalization ; some countries were touched by Continental patterns, others, more geographically remote from the south seashore will hold felt their influences far less. However, it seems far less likely that Britain was invaded per Se. Simon James states that Britain in the Iron Age grew with critical, if non fickle, parts and influences from Continental Europe in the signifier of trade, kinship links, and reasonably surely some localized in-migration, particularly in the late Iron Age South. ( James 1997, 84 ) The revisionist theory seems at this minute far more plausible than the construct of sweeping invasion. Bibliography Cunliffe, Barry, Iron Age Communities in Britain, Routledge 1991Green, Miranda, The Gods of the Celts, Gloucester 1986.Harding, D.W. , The Iron Age in Lowland Britain, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974James, S. & A ; Rigby, V. , Britain and the Celtic Iron Age, British Museum Press 1997James, S. , 1998 Peoples of Britain ( online ) UK ; Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/prehistory/peoples_03.shtml Accessed 29th April 2005

Personal Statement On Health Assessment Essay - 1064 Words

INTRODUCTION We had 12 modules (each with 3 MCQS) from block –1 (Health assessment). I wil be identifying 10 concepts from them and thoroughly scrutinize how they would apply to my personal life and other contextual settings such as social context, coupled with current related researches on these concept. However, their applications to my current work place (Havana specialist Hospital, Surulere, and Lagos, Nigeria) and their usefulness to the current world will also be discussed. The concepts are as follows: Communication in Health Assessment (Module1), Management planning in Nursing Process (Module 3), leadership and leadership style, Data collection in health assessment , nutritional assessment, vital signs, Depression and its assessment, substance abuse assessment and lastly assessing skin diseases: Skin cancer. 1. Communication in health assessment According to Wikipedia, Health Assessment is a plan of care that identifies the specific needs of a person and how those needs will be addressed by the health care system or skilled nursing facility. It involves physical assessment, nutritional assessment, self care assessment, mental assessment and results. Thus, all these must take place between the patient and the person delivering the health care service. Communication is thus a serious vital tool in this field and thus could be defined as a means by which a nurse establishes a relationship with the patient to help him acquire health behaviours. ActuallyShow MoreRelatedFamily Assessment, Gordon 11 health patterns1254 Words   |  6 Pages The Harris Family Assessment Dana Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V November 16, 2013 The Harris Family Assessment Health practices are activities performed by individuals or families as a whole to promote health and prevent disease. Health practices vary from family to family and nurses play a pivotal role in promoting health for the family. Families identify and perform health-maintenance activities based on their perceptions about their health because their choicesRead MoreNursing Case And Care Plan Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pagesward since he could not be discharged home. The palliative assessment of Smith would require the development of a suitable nursing care plan that would help deal with the condition. The nursing plan requires an understanding of the patient’s social history, medical history, physical assessment upon admission, and palliative care unit admission assessment. PART A: Nursing Case 1. Could Mr. Smith’s culture influence his pain assessment? Why? What strategies could you employ to ensure that you areRead MoreWhat Is The Validity Of A Website?831 Words   |  4 Pagesthis website and what is their mission, can you contact the organization, and do they want your personal information (National Library of Medicine, 2012). When critiquing MyHealth.Alberta.ca it is clearly labelled as a Government of Alberta website. The mission statement was found under the â€Å"About Us† link which stated the intention of the site was to help Albertans retrieve easy-to-understand health information from a single site, making it user friendly and convenient with current, reliable informationRead MoreWhy An Organization / Team Exist Essay1510 Words   |  7 PagesA mission/purpose statement is designed to be used as a guiding light/principle of why an organization/team exist. 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Of these, 54% were male while 46% were female. Furthermore, approximately 126,000Read MoreComparison Of Calista Roy s And Betty Neuman980 Words   |  4 Pagestwo theorists that use two different types of models to encompasses the health, person, and the environment. Callista Roy uses a theory that promotes adaptation to the stimuli a person may encounter. Betty Neuman uses a theory that promotes equilibrium in a time where a person will encounter stress. These theories allow the nurse to bring a knowledge to learn more about the person and the factors that influence their health . Although with any theory there are different approaches in how the nursingRead MoreThe Ethics Of Ethics For Healthcare Quality Professionals1272 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Self-Assessment Paper Jennifer M. Press HCS/545 September 15, 2014 Dr. Ruth Bundy Ethical Self-Assessment Ethical behavior is virtuous and beneficial for business in any type of organization. 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Health Supplements Should People Take Health Supplements...

Being healthy is the most important thing to improve and protect mind and body. There are a lot of ways to stay healthy such as medical checkups, exercise, stress reduction, adequate sleep and eating properly. A healthy diet includes avoiding foods with poor nutrition, eating certain foods and taking supplements. Health supplements reduce deficiencies in the bodies of people who need nutrients and cannot find them in nature. The amount of money spent by Americans on health supplements per year is around one and a half to two billion dollars, so supplements are a good investment for their health. However, some people believe that the need for supplements is â€Å"marketing†, and a waste of money. They assume supplements are not necessary for†¦show more content†¦This research illustrates how omega-3 is important to ensure people with a sick heart will have a healthier heart, so they should not avoid or procrastinate in taking it. Further, there are other supplements th at help to decrease high blood pressure. For example, a lack of zinc causes arterial plaque and hypertension (Tweed, par.18). Therefore, taking zinc can guarantee maintaining the heart in worthy physical shape. Furthermore, lack of magnesium can also cause high blood pressure (Tweed, pars.9). Magnesium can solve some health problems, such as heart palpitations and is also useful for migraines, constipation and muscle cramps (Tweed, pars.9-10). Consequently, magnesium is an effective supplement to reduce high blood pressure and promote better health. Taking supplements can lead to a healthier heart, so they should be part of a good lifestyle. Maintaining strong bones is another reason for taking health supplements. They help to increase and maintain bone density. For example, according to â€Å"Vitamin D and Calcium Supplements: Take Them or Leave Them?†, calcium contributes to having sturdier bones which is important for aging adults when their bones become weaker and break easily (par.3). Older adults ought to take calcium to enhance their bones greater strength. Furthermore, calcium should be taken with Vitamin D so that it can be absorbedShow MoreRelatedEssay about Use of Steroids in Sports1559 Words   |  7 Pagesathletes, many of them dont understand the risks involved in taking these drugs. Many people are looking for a quick way to build muscle, or to get stronger the fastest way possible. Using these performance aids may very well be a quick fix for many athletes, but taking these supplements is unethical and dangerous. Using special drugs to boost an athletes performance is degrading to sports and to t he athlete. The human body can produce the same substances naturally, without taking drugs, but people continueRead MoreSupplements : Helpful Or Harmful?898 Words   |  4 Pages Supplements: Helpful or Harmful? Introduction Something that everyone in life strives to do is life a healthy lifestyle. By doing this, they take proteins, vitamins, BCAA’s, and numerous other supplements. Something that never crosses their mind while taking the product is that there could actually be something that could potentially harm their body. Often times, vitamins include some form of additive to enhance the pill, whether it be for the taste, or form (LiveStrong Foundation). ThreeRead More Regulating Dietary Supplements Essay2107 Words   |  9 Pagesthe United States take vitamins, minerals, herbs, or other supplements (Schardt 2). Due to media advertising, dietary supplements are becoming more popular. Companies compete to have the best supplements. 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For most, they lose body fat, gain strength andRead MoreProfessional Athletes and Drug Use Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pagesdo not get the punishment that they deserve instead they receive punishment that is too lenient. The penalties for professional athletes who use drugs are too lenient, they should be more severe. Examples of drugs that are used by most athletes are the following: Anabolic Steroids, Dietary supplements, Blood Doping, Stimulants, Narcotics and Corticosteroids, and Alcohol. Anabolic steroids are used illegally by athletes, to increase muscle mass and strength. Anabolic steroidsRead MoreA Solar Powered Window Phone Charger Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagesobjects. What about the alteration of one’s own body so that it can compete with the standards or expectations so often set by today’s work ethic? At some point during our lives we come to the conclusion that are bodies can only go so far, before it needs to rest. 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Therefore the company will not only provide products but also an accompanying serviceRead MoreObesity Epidemic in America1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States of America is the fattest country in the world. Obesity in America has reach epidemic proportions. Obesity and weight gain has become major concern of public health in the United States. In every state, at least twenty percent of adults are obese, and in twelve of these states the obesity rate is above thirty percent. Mississippi currently holds the highest rate of obesity with 34.9 percent of its resi dents being obese. On the contrary, Colorado has the lowest rate of obesity with

Should College Be Free College - 1688 Words

How could it possibly be squeezed into the government’s budget? Do they have a secret fund for things like this, or would taxes increase to cover the costs? Free college is now brought up as a debate whether or not students should receive free college tuition while attending college. Some individuals would like this idea, but I am definite the taxpayers would not like it or support it. If the government cannot afford what they are in debt with now, I am quiet uncertain how adding free college would help the debt go down. I am sure that the government would find some way to get their money back from allowing free tuition, or twice the amount the payed by increasing taxes on everything from taxpayers to sales tax. Although it would be extremely pleasant to have free tuition, the tax increase would most likely hurt the taxpayers worse than paying college tuition. I am very much so against providing free college to everyone that graduates high school. Free college would be setting the government up to continue in recession. My biggest concern about offering free college, is how the students who already have student loans be forgiven for the loan amount and have free tuition and debt free as everyone else would be. While more people would have reliable jobs, college should not be free to society because the government budget could not stretch to allow it, more people would take advantage of college because it is free, and taxes would raise on the population. Most people areShow MoreRelatedShould College Be Free College?848 Words   |  4 Pages Free College Why are not more people going to college? One obvious answer would be cost, especially the cost of tuition. But the problem is not just that college is expensive. It is also that going to college is complicated. Free college is not just about cultural and social, neither economic. It means navigating advanced courses, standardized tests, and forms. It means figuring out implicit rules-rules that can change. College graduates have higher employment ratesRead MoreShould College Be Free College?1614 Words   |  7 Pagescandidates because of his belief that tuition and cost of living at public colleges and universities should be free. Free college has become one of the most talked about policy proposals on the campaign trail, but questions surround the policy, such as how it would work, how much it would cost and how it would affect students (Rhatican). Most colleges bundle their prices in terms of tuition and fees. In 1995, tuition for private colleges was around 14k, for Public out of state it was around 7k and for publicRead MoreShould College Be Free? Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesShould college be free? A current universal problem poses this question. In today’s world, full of public education standards that hold students maybe too high and in a generation bogged down by student debt, this issue qualifies as a problem more than many are maybe even willing to admit. While the prospect of free college proposes excellent ideals such as a stronger and smarter generation, no student loan problems, and a higher educated society, the truth may actually lie in the reality thatRead MoreCollege Should Not Be Free876 Words   |  4 Pagesmake public college tuition free. A recent movement to federally mandate college funding has struck the interest of the lower, impoverished members of society. However, if college tuition were free it would be unfair, unregulated, and cost-ineffective in the long run. What does free really mean? Does it include just tuition, or room, board and books? Also, would it be completely free? Someone has to pay something somewhere down the line. There is no way to make college completely free. It would beRead MoreShould Colleges Be Free? Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesShould colleges be free in America? It is a question that is more relevant today than ever before. As education is one key factor that determines the nation’s fate going forward, this question is worth debating. Making free college education may sound good theoretically but requires herculean efforts to make it practically possible. The main question is whether such program be effective in the long run or not? If, yes how long will the government able to support these costs and from where? Are tuitionRead MoreShould College Be Free?893 Words   |  4 Pagesor not college should be free. Images of students rallying and protesting can be often seen in the news. They are in favor of making college free. I disagree and feel that college should not be free. People would be more likely to fail because there would be no financial consequence, the financial burden would be passed on to taxpayers who wouldn’t even benefit from it, and it would not be fair to those who work hard through earning scholarships and serving in the military. College should not beRead MoreCollege Should Be Free759 Words   |  3 Pages Should the cost of earning a college degree be free? Some students,parents, and educators say that it is morally wrong for a child to spend their entire life going to public school for free and having them to just turn around and pay for college. The students, parents, and educators all would agree that the cost of obtaining a college degree should indeed be free. Those who are against this issue believe that the students themselves or their parents who are financially able should pay for someRead MoreShould College Be Free844 Words   |  4 PagesShould college be free? Posted on  May 8, 2011  by  writefix Should college education be free, or should university students be required to pay tuition fees? Some countries have free education from kindergarten to university, while  students in other countries have to pay  at every step of the way.  This essay will look at some of the reasons for this difference  at university level. Free third level education has several advantages. First of all,  everyone can attend, so the gap between rich and poorRead MoreShould College Be Free?1907 Words   |  8 PagesShould College Be â€Å"Free† in America? As many young millennials rally behind Bernie Sanders and his outlandish claims of free public college for all, others sigh and shake their heads in disapproval. Are these college students really entitled to free higher education? Is it every American’s unalienable right to have a college education? Despite the recent push for free college in the United States, the economic burden and drop in personal responsibility it would create proves that colleges shouldRead MoreShould College Be Free?1916 Words   |  8 Pagesthroats since elementary, I am planning to attend college. My sisters and I being the first generation in our family to attend college, everything is a little scarier. Nothing scared me more than seeing the cost of the tuition. My parents dropped out of college after one year because they didn’t put the work in to get scholarships, and tuition was too much. My oldest sister is in her third year of college and is already planning to come out of college w ith $70,000 debt, because she is in a private school

Life of a Chinese Man During the Gilded Age Free Essays

Between 1849 and 1882, a vast group of Chinese migrated to the United States of America. Much of the Chinese who traveled to the United States were men. These men were mostly on the dream to go onboard during the gold rush in San Francisco. We will write a custom essay sample on Life of a Chinese Man During the Gilded Age or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though, most Chinese men found work building the transcontinental railroad. As another non-white immigrant new to the United States, challenges were brought upon to the Chinese. These group of immigrants were challenged with job security, discrimination, and harsh living conditions from the Americans and other immigrants as well. After seeing the productiveness of Chinese men during the Gold Rush and the building of the transcontinental railway, they were abundantly sought after at first. Described as quiet, manageable, productive, industrious, offers no complaints unlike the white man. The Chinese man’s advantage was a convenience for everybody. With the growth of Chinese laborers’ success in the United States, they became successful with other jobs where no other immigrant wanted to partake in. The main employments were laundry cleaning, house servants, cooks, in metropolitan areas. They were prosperous in laundry cleaning because the price they asked for the labor was a lot lower than other establishments. Chinese men made outstanding house servants because of their obedient, adept, inexhaustible attitudes. The rise of popularity from the Chinese men’s work performance soon harbored a grudge against other ethnicities. The working class of white, black, and other European immigrants were unemployed because the Chinese were the favorable workforce. Depicted in a cartoon, workers who were Irishmen, African American, war veterans, Italians, Frenchmen, and Jews build a wall upon the Chinese. This led to legislation called the Chinese Exclusion Act, aimed to inhibit future immigration of the Chinese. Hesitant to make the bill, Republican President Rutherford B. Hayes refused the bill at first in 1879. Stating the bill breached U.S. treaty agreements with China. Democrats and advocates from the west persisted on an absolute boycott on Chinese immigrants. An arrangement to appease the western states without offending China was pursued. In 1880, the Hayes Administration began to handle a new treaty with China. With the new treaty at hand, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. This act resulted in more anti-Chinese riots and hatred towards them. Racial hate towards the Chinese was prevalent but, they still seldom thought of begrudging even the most appalling insults and injuries. An example of sought were when boys from San Francisco stoned an innocuous Chinese man to death, and even with a large amount of witnesses saw the act, none intervened. Not only were the Chinese racially profiled, they were excluded to live in apprehensible conditions far below the average person. The Chinese were confined into small area’s away from the rest of the city or town. They did not object to this as they are a group of people who like to flock together. They made use of everything they had at disposal. Considered irrelevant junk to others, a Chinese man made use of it in some way. The streets were narrow and the sewage horrible. Kitchens were next to urinals. The only outlet was the urinal for waste-water and sewage to go. In a building in San Francisco where 400 people lived, there were only four toilets in the courtyard of each floor. The toilets all ran below in one pit, with no trap and all in the open creating a smell indescribable to those who were not used to it. A building in Dupont street, San Francisco had a maximum number of 97 occupants. The Chinese tenants in the building were 276, overcrowding was usual in Chinese settlements surrounded in filth. This resulted in various public health and safety codes that were violated even for that time. At the hopes of a better life and riches, the Chinese received the latter. Through all the hardships felt throughout their fellow kin, they still persevered racial injustice and discrimination. With the denial of even naturalization, a restriction to visit their homeland and the struggles of everyday life. This lasted for many more years to come. How to cite Life of a Chinese Man During the Gilded Age, Papers

Forensic Science Infrared Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic

Question: Discuss about the Forensic Science for Infrared Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic. Answer: Introduction: A patient admitted in mental health hospital was under critical care due to psychosis. The attending physician administered medications (clozapine and quetiapine) after psychiatric assessment of the patient. Due to overdose of the medication it caused him hallucinations and delusional ideation. It worsened his symptoms and delayed the discharge. The attending nursing staff raised the issue after checking the vital signs claiming that the patient history notes have been altered. The nurse claimed that the health problem was due to the physicians breach of duty of care. The forensic document services were then notified to undertake the case. The attending physician defended the medical malpractice suit. The physician produced three pages of medical records concerning the patient. The physician claims that the patient was cautioned about the risks involved in the proposed treatment procedure. According to the physician records the second page contains a warning note. After collecting the necessary evidences the records were taken for laboratory examination. The evidences include all the prescriptions since the day of patients admission, diagnostic reports, and medical history. The records for the patients were analysed using infrared spectroscopy techniques. Technique used Infrared light is useful tool in detecting the forgery of document (Lanzarotta, 2016). An advanced light source let say an electron synchrotron can be optimised to produce beam of photons in the infrared spectrum in addition to the generation of ultraviolet rays and x-ray (Bornstein, 2015). The forensic experts for the above case study have used the IR spectromicroscopy as evidence based option to characterise the difference in the inks used on a paper. When the writings are deliberately obliterated on a document, it can be easily read with the help of infrared. For example when the signatures or numbers are raised cleverly using added pen strokes. This method has unprecedented sensitivity (Nunkoo et al., 2016). The combination of microscopy and IR spectroscopy together is a powerful analytic technique. The principle of this technique involves vibration of all the molecules at a characteristic frequency due to nonstop atomic motions. This frequency falls within the infrared spectrum. When an infrared photon is struck by an individual molecule and if the vibrational frequency of both photon and molecule matches it leads to resonance. A variety of spectroscopic techniques can be used to detect the resonating molecule (Ewing Kazarian, 2017). The advantage of using IR light is that it is non-destructive and does not cause any changes in the sample. Further effectiveness of IR spectromicroscopy (synchrotron-based) on inks has been highlighted in the study of Bornstein (2015). The IR data on the ink can detect the origin of document, stamps and currency and if it contains same ink throughout it. It can detect accurately where one ink ended and another began in the same signature or line of print. The ink used during expurgation appears transparent to infrared and the one employed by the author absorbs infrared (Nunkoo et al., 2016). In the above case study, the forensic expert has exposed the document to a specific wavelength. A long pass filter is used with the infrared viewer. In this part of the spectrum some ink absorbs the energy and emits infrared luminescence (Ewing Kazarian, 2017). Outcomes Based on the infrared results it was concluded that the physician has made disputed entries. As per the results the page containing warning note for the patient appearing as page number 3 was indeed page number 2. Other evidences too supported the patients case. It was concluded that the second page now numbered as 2 was inserted after page 3 (now numbered). The number 3 appeared light after infrared reflectance but the shape of 2 was prominent. It thus indicates that number 2 was procrastinated to convert it into 3 with an extra stroke of pen. The given figure below depicts the forgery after investigating through infrared spectroscopy. The image provided has been retrieved from website which pertains to similar case as discussed above. The authentic results of the above case study are not available due to confidentiality and privacy norms. Initially the doctor failed to adequately inform the patient about the potential risks and also did not ensure that the patient has clearly understood the details. Therefore, providing effective treatment mandates the physician to abide by the laws pertaining to informed consent as well as maintain professional competency (Beigi et al., 2015). The cause of detoriation of the patient was administration of antipsychotic drugs clozapine and quetiapine that caused symptoms similar to Parkinsonism and reduced movement (Leigh, 2015). These drugs were responsible for aggravating symptoms of the patient. Further, the physician continued with the level of dopamine that was administered during initial phase of the treatment. Further blood tests revealed high amount of dopamine in the patients body. The dopamine levels were to be reduced as it is effective in reducing the symptoms of hallucinations (Boot et al., 2015). However, the doctor did not postpone the treatment despite the problematic s ymptoms. Consequently the patient could not tolerate the worsening of psychotic symptoms. The physician did not realise the consequences until the patient was severely affected. After noticing this change that the physician altered the medical record claiming that warning note was provided to the patient regarding the medication. It was after the worsening situation of the patient that the doctor carefully insert page 2 (forged) after page 3. The findings were thus sufficient to point out that the attending mental health professional was culprit. Thus, the use of IR spectromicroscopy was useful in resolving the issue. Since, the act of forgery was detected it is convenient for the patient to file a malpractice lawsuit against the attending physician. Altered medical records thus destroy the care of the patient (Bornstein, 2015). In conclusion, forensic analysis is not only restricted to crime scene investigation but also the act of malpractices in any area. However, extra care has to be taken at the time of investigation to eliminate any potential manipulations. References Beigi, M., Asadi, L., Valiani, M., Mardani, F. (2015). Evaluating different types of malpractices in midwifery that were referred to the forensic medicine commission and the medical council between 2006 and 2011 in Isfahan province, 2013.Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research,20(4), 426. Boot, E., Butcher, N. J., Vorstman, J. A. S., van Amelsvoort, T. A. M. J., Fung, W. L. A., Bassett, A. S. (2015). Pharmacological Treatment of 22q11. 2 Deletion Syndrome-related Psychoses.Pharmacopsychiatry,25(06), 219-220. Bornstein, M. (2015).U.S. Patent Application No. 14/637,892. Ewing, A. V., Kazarian, S. G. (2017). Infrared spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging in forensic science.Analyst. Lanzarotta, A. (2016). Analysis of forensic casework utilizing infrared spectroscopic imaging.Sensors,16(3), 278. Leigh, H. (2015). Common Reasons for Psychiatric Consultation. InHandbook of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry(pp. 27-38). Springer International Publishing. Nunkoo, M. I., Saib-Sunassy, M. B., Wah, H. L. K., Laulloo, S. J. (2016). Forensic Analysis of Black, Blue, Red, and Green Ballpoint Pen Inks. InCrystallizing IdeasThe Role of Chemistry(pp. 323-339). Springer International Publishing.